ERP Implementation

Introduction Information Technology has revolutionalized the way business is done around the world. The change in business models goes beyond interaction with outside players to encompass how internal processes or players interact. This research paper explores in detail what an ERP solution is. Technology comes with numerous challenges or risks that have to be borne into mind.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on ERP Implementation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, this paper will further explore the risks involved in implementing an ERP solution. To make clear why, despite some risks, it is worthwhile adopting an ERP solution, this paper outlines the benefits of implementing an ERP System in an organization. Every new technology has its own complexities and ERP solutions are not an exception. Through discussing the methodologies used in applying an ERP solution in an organization, the paper helps m ake clear considerations that organizations have to make when it comes to implementation. The final considerations, in this paper, are some of the organizations that have embraced and implemented ERP solutions. From the case studies it is clear that adopting an ERP solution helps improve efficiency and effectiveness in organizational operations. ERP System ERP system is an Industry term that denotes an Information technology solution use to integrate a broad set of activities and resources in an organization. An ERP system basically helps to shape and redefine businesses in the management of vital parts of its core business. The Structure and the information that is accrued from an ERP system facilitate optimal performance necessary for attaining organizational objectives (Betz, 2007, p.83). ERP is an acronym for Enterprise Resource Planning. The main feature of an ERP system is capacity to integrate businesses through application of modern technology and relevant business managemen t practices. The integration of business processes with new information technology is critical towards success in the world of today. This integration has been transforming businesses to operate in modern information age. Necessarily to adapt to the new information age, organizations are forced to discard the traditional way of conducting business or managing organizational resources (Betz, 2007, p.90).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Advancement of information technology has been beneficial to many organizations because it has enhanced service delivery to both internal and external customers. With a touch of new technology, business processes have been made faster and easier thus improving organizational output. The ERP system is composed of three aspects; information technology, specific business goals and business management practices (Betz, 2007, p.100). Due to its capability, the ERP is designed to provide much needed facility to geographically dispersed businesses across a multi platform with its functional units. This functionality of the ERP system is important and advantageous to all organizations but more particularly to those whose executives have to travel a lot. Due to integrated databases facilitated by the ERP system, executives on the move have access to much needed details to support business decision making wherever they may be (Chorafas, 2001, p. 56). ERP architecture has evolved overtime to enhance a variety of services housed in its individual unit programs. The different functional units of an ERP system have elaborate database and are interlinked as to work in unison under a single umbrella. For utmost output to accrue, the ERP system should be integrated with a facility which allows for flexibility, reliability, security and stability (Chorafas, 2001, p. 79). Apart from the mentioned, the system should also have a globa l focus. ERP System Implementation Risks or Bottlenecks Before implementing or adopting a new technology, organizations have to look into risks associated with the implementation or adoption. ERP implementation involves some major risks. Without proper risks identification and mitigation when implementing an ERP solution, a lot of time, resources and knowledge can be wasted. Early risk identification ensures that success is achieved when deploying an ERP system. A quality culture demands that risks are mitigated long before the actual implementation starts (Grant, 2003, p.39). Some of the risks or challenges associated with the Implementation of an ERP system relate to the complexity of an application, lack of end user experience and lack of clear job definition for members handling the project. For any systems to successfully be utilized in an organization, good end user support is important. Lack end user support poses a huge risk in implementing an ERP project in an organization (Grant, 2003, p.46). If end user’s are not properly engaged, they may tend to sabotage the project. Workers may basically refuse to use new applications or resort to vandalism in extreme cases.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on ERP Implementation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Without proper roles specification, the project team can jeopardize the implementation of the ERP system. The project team should be able to grasp and understand the technical complexity of the application they are to implement (Grant, 2003, p.56). Understanding the complexity and role one has to play helps towards better coordinated efforts in the execution of the project. Lack of proper coordination within the project team notwithstanding, poor liaising between the organization’s top management and the project team can also result into project failure. In most cases, ERP implementation requires an enabling organiza tional structure. ERP alone cannot really improve performance in an organization unless all the business functions are made responsive to market demands. Companies or organizations have to restructure their operational processes to fit the functionality of an ERP system. Top management has to believe in the value of an ERP solution i.e. the implementation should be seen as a business initiative (Somers Nelson, 2001, p.2). Without proper top management support and organization-wide acceptance and participation of employees, an ERP system implementation can easily be scuttled. Based on the two foregoing paragraphs, it should be clear that top management, project team and organizational employees have a stake or a say in ERP implementation. Therefore, problems in implementation can occur in case any of the groups lost project control. The risk is highest in case the ERP project team lost control to employees. Secondly, the risk is also highest if top management lost all project contro l to the project team (Somers Nelson, 2001, p.2). Control in an organization is very important. It provides for order and delineates a chain of command thus ensuring decisions are only made by authorized individuals. It is imperative that the implementation process is well planned and coordinated; bringing all stakeholders on board from the word go. To ensure effective decision making and enabling proper ERP implementation, information collection and dissemination with regard to the system has to be an ongoing endeavor (Stein Hawking, 2002, p. ix).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The information collected and disseminated should help all involved understand the technical aspects of the system and developing functionality. A good reporting structure has to be established and the project team allowed enough autonomy necessary for awesome execution. The reporting mechanisms ensure that feedback on the project is shared continually; both upwards and downward communication. Once an ERP solution has been implemented, it tends to decentralize and devolve certain functions in the organization. For example, information that was originally not easily accessible to low cadre employees becomes accessible. An ERP system reduces the power distance between top employees and lower cadre employees. Unless, organizational structure and culture is streamlined, an ERP system may precipitate a crisis in an organization (Brown et al, 2003, 10). The ERP solution demands or leads to the empowerment of lower or middle level employees. Management has to redefine control measures and realign the organization towards a more decentralized power structure. Costs management is another area an organization has to look into before choosing to implement an ERP system. To set up an ERP system, an organization has to spend heavily on software, hardware, consultation, implementation costs and training. If costs are not managed properly, an ERP system implementation becomes too expensive. Costs can be managed through identification of right software and using competitive implementers. Management has to consider the time available for the implementation of the system. ERP implementation projects are known to take longer than other ordinary Information management systems. The time spent on ERP implementation may cost the company business. Therefore, contigent plans have to be instituted to deal with any possible inconveniences to business due to ERP implementation. The final risk consideration management has to make before embarking on an ERP implementation is available hous e skills. If relevant knowledge and skills are lacking in the organization, the implementation team has to be sourced from outside the organization. Secondly, means that organization has to work on equipping staff with skills necessary before switching to ERP use (Booth et al, 2002, p.7). To effectively deal with these risks, management has to be well versed in change management practice. Benefits of ERP Systems Despite the mentioned implementation challenges or risks, an ERP system can benefit an organization in a very big way. An ERP solution integrates the functions in an organization (Accenture, 2004, p. 15). Integration of business processes in an organization is very important. What it means is that department, sections and sectors in an organization can communicate with each other in real time. Employees can access information from other parts of the department on demand without having to follow long bureaucratic processes. How the system integrates the different functions in the organization determines how well they interrelate. The efficiency and effectiveness of the interrelations between different units and departments in an organization is what leads to cost reduction and time management efficiency. When time and performance is managed properly with a concern for costs, an organization operates more optimally than otherwise (Booth et al, 2002, p.5). A good ERP solution ensures different departments or divisions in an organization are connected. Interconnectivity makes it easy to share files or to access relevant information. This consequently increases production and performance in the business. ERP solutions assist organizations to fuse business processes from all departments within the organization. Further, an ERP system helps in fusing departmental databases and consolidating then into a central database (Accenture, 2004, p. 17). This is achieved without incurring more costs or wasting much time hence making it easy for accessibility and smooth flow of work. Merging is achieved by building a database repository that allows integration with a variety of application software. By so doing, business statistics and other information from various departments within the organization becomes accessible from a central point (Accenture, 2004, p. 18). To have an ideal ERP Solution, the system should have an ERP structure which is made up of integrated central database repository in a fused environment. Day to day management of an organization is simplified by the use of ERP systems. Use of ERP facilitates centralized storage of data; through a process widely known as data warehousing (Ray, 2004, p.77). Data warehousing provides better data accessibility thus management has access to up to date information for better decision making (Mukherjee Talbot, 2003, p. 12). An ERP system plays an important role in supporting strategic planning (Bardhan, 2003, p. 8). Strategic planning is a vital process in any organization because it helps i n defining goals and objectives pursued by all in an organization. The strategic planning process leads to the formulation of plans and strategies that guarantee organizational success. ERP systems due to their integration functionality help towards better resource planning and deployment. For instance, costs are easily traced to specific tasks due to integrating financial information. It is noted by Booth et al (2002, p.17) that ERP makes it easy for organization to adopt new management accounting practices. In the human resource department, total employees and their designation is easily established due to centralized data bases. This helps eradicate ghost employee related fraud. In large companies, where multiple departments and business units exist, the ERP solution assists in standardizing business information formats across the organization. Standardization of communication tools helps towards effective and efficient communication in an organization. Good communication, both t o internal and external players, gives organizations a big edge over competition. Methodologies for implementing ERP A variety of methodologies are applicable when implementing an ERP system. Given the complexity of the system, some organizations spend much time agonizing on how to implement an ERP system. Before adopting an implementation methodology, management has to consider risk related to each (Shields, 2001, p.89). One way of easily implementing the system is outsourcing implementation to vendors (Somers Nelson, 2001, p.3). There are organizations that specialize in the sale and implementation of ERP systems. Therefore, one easy way of implementing an ERP system is contracting such organizations. Such an option comes with related outsourcing risks e.g. security of confidential organizational information. However, the vendors are professional bodies and with close monitoring, they can do a marvelous job. Another fact to consider in choosing an implementation strategy is relat ed costs. Organizations have seen the need of not going it alone when implementing the ERP systems. Joint venture with sister organization or a provider of the System has been a major boost in realizing swift implementation (Shields, 2001, p.97). Joint venture ensures the spread of implementation costs and risks. However, joint venture implementation has its own complications. Therefore, doing alone methodology has been seen to work better. Doing it alone means that the organization carries all the risks. Nonetheless, if the risks are calculated and proper mitigation plans instituted, it is the best methodology for any company (Vaman, 2007, p. 67). Doing it alone involves the company analyzing its financial capability, technical expertise and management policy necessary for the system implementation. By going alone, the company is able to have full control over the implementation procedure. Organizations also can choose between either partial or full implementation of the ERP soluti on (Vaman, 2007, p.77). Depending on the needs of an organization, only certain functions, people or departments can be chosen and appropriate ERP Software used to integrate them. However, depending on resource availability, organizations are encouraged to go for full implementation (Vaman, 2007, p.109). Steps for success ERP implementation is financial and technical resources intensive (Williams, 2008, p.56). Therefore, for successful implementation and use of an ERP system proper planning is very crucial. ERP project planning allows an organization to identify its peculiar needs. The organizational needs or characteristics further frame the organizations goals and business objectives. Financial estimates have to be accurately projected by help of experienced professionals. Given the project is complex and cost intensive, professional project teams have to be established to guide the process. The first task of the team is project planning. Project planning provides an opportunity f or an organization to re-evaluate project in a more detailed manner (Williams, 2008, p.69). If the project is not justified during the initial planning phase, organization should not hesitate to cancel it. User Training and education about the ERP system has to be a continuous concern. This is important in ensuring employees understand what is going on and can thus contribute meaningful in customizing the system as necessary. Training allows users to understand the capability of the ERP software and its documentation (Somers Nelson, 2001, p.2). Architectural design for the system is another critical factor to consider for successful implementation of ERP system. The architectural design determines system relevancy to organizational characteristics. If the design does not respond to organizational characteristics, obviously the project would have failed (Malaga, 2005, p.49). An ERP system requires integration with other or existing e-business software. Secondly, the system has to ac commodate or conform to legal requirements or procedures. For example, if an organization is security sensitive or the laws of the country are sensitive to security of employee’s personal information, the system has to guarantee the same (Malaga, 2005, p.66). The planning process has to give room for proper end user introduction to the system. The Success of the ERP systems is more likely when implementers adopt he phased implementation approach. The complexity of the ERP systems would be easily managed if its implementation is broken down into manageable units. Case studies According to Accenture (2004, p. 9) most companies that have employed ERP systems are satisfied or happy to have done so. An example of a company that has implemented an ERP system and benefited immensely is NIBCO INC. This is an international company; one of the leaders in flow control (Brown et al, 2003, 5). The company is involved in manufacturing of a variety of valves, piping products and fittings wh ich targets; commercial, residential, irrigation and industrial markets (Brown et al, 2003, 3). NIBCO has a diverse manufacturing division. It builds its commodities using a wide material range i.e. from steel, iron and bronze. NIBCO has over the years concentrated on consolidating its distribution chain and increasing markets for its products. A consolidation of NIBCO services led to increased service and product delivery to its customers and suppliers (Brown et al, 2003, 7). However, the consolidation of processes increased pressure in terms of information management. NIBCO has, over time, concentrated in standardizing its internal operations as well as focusing on customer issues and processes. The company realized that ERP would help it achieve this. ERP was seen as an appropriate technology to improve its operations (Brown et al, 2003, 8). The objective for adopting the ERP was to increase customer and supplier participation while lowering the costs of operations. Before adopti ng the technology, NIBCO customers suffered from late shipments of their products, errors in their orders and information in invoices was inconsistent. NIBCO’s key marketing concern was to develop a web based platform where customers would easily get market information regarding distribution and promotion of the company’s’ products. The ERP was seen as a better platform to improve its profitability by helping towards efficient delivery on what the customer needed. The Implementation of ERP at NIBCO started with the establishment of a strategic IT team, which assessed the need of the system (Brown et al, 2003, p. 12). The team presented its recommendation on the need of the solution and they were adopted by top management. NIBCO implemented the solution a bit fast but in a comprehensive way. The implementation of the solution followed a well choreographed strategic plan facilitated by the project team. A dedicated team comprising of IT experts, business manager a nd change management experts were involved. They worked cohesively and the system went live in 1997(Brown et al, 2003, p. 14). Since the adoption of the system, many benefits have accrued NIBCO as an organization. For example, there was marked improvements recorded in the processing of sales orders, inventories, and purchases and in production processes (Brown et al, 2003, pp. 15-30). ERP solution was, therefore, able to address and correct NIBCO’s challenges once implemented (Brown et al, 2003, 31). The second case study is TransAlta. TransAlta is a wholesale marketing and power generating company. It has 49 facilities based in Australia, Canada, USA and Mexico (TransAlta, 2010). Prior to introduction of SAP solution, the TransAlta Company was using Reliability Centered Maintenance. This solution was localized at different locations by the use of point solution. TransAlta wanted an Enterprise-Wide System which would offer strategy development and provide understanding of vit al assets, monitor overall risk in the organization and give optimized operations concerning maintenance costs. The implementation of the SAP ERP solution involved integrating the existing Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) to facilitate wide accessibility (Transalta, 2010). The RCM enabled creation of a central database for the organization that can be standardized across a uniformed platform hence providing optimized maintenance. The implementation of the solution has enhanced success in fleet management because information is dispersed to a centralized depository allowing easier communication and accessibility. The RCM solution has motivated staff to work every day in SAP. Consequently, the company can push the RCM methodology and cultivate it deeper within the organization (Bardhan, 2003, p. 7). Conclusion Advancement in information technology is a key driver of organizations’ competitive advantage in modern times. It is for this reason that organizations are embracin g information technology changes as fast as they can (Accenture, 2004, p. 5). An ERP system plays an integral role in enhancing an organization’s growth. Organizations, which have endeavored to carefully and systematically implement ERP systems, have registered many benefits. One such benefit is fast delivery of services due to integrated processes. However, because of the complexity involved in implementing ERP applications, organizations should have well choreographed plans. The implementation of the system requires closer coordination among all stakeholders. Necessarily, the project management should be left to experts. However, the participation of all employees is very vital. References Accenture, 2004, The Return of Business Solutions to Pacific Asia: Directing a Blockbuster, Accenture. Bardhan, R. I 2003, The business value of Integrating Product Life Cycle Management (PLM) with Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) Solutions, Dallas, University of Texas. Betz, C., T. , 2007, Architecture and Patterns for IT Service Management, Resource Planning, and Governance: Making Shoes for The Cobbler’s Children, Morgan Kaufmann, London. Booth, P., Matolcsy, Z., Wieder, B 2002, The Impacts of Enterprise Resource planning Systems on Accounting Practice: the Australian Experience, Australian Accounting Review 10 (3), pp. 4-18. Brown, V., C., Taikonda, V., M., Vessey, I2003, NIBCO: MySAPTM Supply Chain Management, Indiana University, Indiana. Chorafas, D., N., 2001, Integrating ERP, CRM, Supply Chain Management, and Smart Material, CRC Press, Boca Roda. Grant, G., G., 2003, ERP Data Warehousing in Organizations: Issues and Challenges, Group Inc (IGI), New Jersey. Malaga, A., R., 2005, Information Systems Technology, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Delhi. Mukherjee, A., Talbot, F., B 2003, Elements of Adaptive Manufacturing, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan. Ray, R., 2004, Technology Solutions for Growing Businesses, AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn, New Yo rk. Shields, M., G., 2001, E-business and ERP: Rapid Implementation and Project Planning, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Somers, M., T., Nelson, K 2001, The Impact of Critical Success factors Across Stages of Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation, Proceedings of the 34th Hawaii international conference on system Sciences, Hawaii. Stein, A., Hawking, P 2002, Business Improvement and ERP Systems: An Australian Survey 2002, ERP Research Group, Victoria University. Transalta, 2010, TransAlta Case Study. Web. Vaman, J., N., 2007, ERP in Practice: ERP Strategies for Steering Organizational Competence and Competitive Advantage, Tata McGraw-Hill, New York. Williams, G., C., 2008, Implementing SAP ERP Sales Distribution, McGraw-Hill, New York. This research paper on ERP Implementation was written and submitted by user Nolan Newton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Attentive Eye of Elliot Erwitt essays

The Attentive Eye of Elliot Erwitt essays The key to being a great photographer is to be able to see what no one else can. One must capture those poignant moments in life that speak for themselves and that carry multiple meanings, layered on top of one another. It is surely a great feat to be able to take pictures and turn them into an art form. It takes a unique eye accompanied by an imaginative mind to create a photographic vision that tells a worthy story. Elliot Erwitt made a living photographing commercial shots ranging from magazine covers and advertising still lifes, to travel ads, but it is his personal snaps (as he likes to call them) that display his worldly wit and passion for the quirks of life. Erwitts versatility is displayed not in the grand, majestic images that are so often seen in the media, but in his subtlety and in his ability to freeze time in that exact moment when nothing appears to be happening, yet so much is. And it is within these fleeting moments that Erwitt tells his story whether it be s ocial, comical, whimsical or just plain beautiful. His wide array of subjects shows us that this is a man who sees the world through the eyes of his camera and who is not afraid to blink. Elliot Erwitt was fittingly born in the city of art, Paris, France in 1928. He was raised in Milan and Hollywood and began photographing while still in high school. His first camera was an old 4 x 5 Speed Graphic but today he uses anything from an 8 X 10 view camera to a Leica. In 1953, after his discharge from the U.S. army, he joined the Magnum Picture Agency from the personal invitation of Robert Capa and he quickly rose through the ranks to become one of Magnums top photographers. Between his careers as a commercial photographer and a photojournalist, Erwitt takes personal snaps for his own pleasure, and has put out several books featuring his odd photographs, which include among many other things, very humanized photograp...

Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness Essay - 1

Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness - Essay Example The main purpose of the research is to present that Life, Liberty and pursuit of happiness is a phrase which outline and indicate the unalienable rights given to all human beings by the God and the institution of government is formed to protect those rights. Jefferson’s original draft suggests that all men are created equal and from this creation, each of them derive and inherent the right to preservation of life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. The overall emphasis therefore is upon creation of men as equal and from within this equality, all men have the undeniable rights to preserve the life, have liberty and pursue the happiness. While this phrase is one of the well-known phrases in the declaration however, it is argued that Jefferson was largely influenced by Locke when he decided to include this phrase in declaration. Though, the original draft of Jefferson was refined subsequently however, debate remains regarding what were the actual influences on Jefferson to include this in the original draft. One argument is based upon the assumption that Jefferson was impressed by what Locke termed as the protection of property. Locke suggested that the very purpose of political society is to actually protect the property of individuals. Property, according to Locke, comprises of life, liberty or freedom and estate. Jefferson however, replaced the word estate with the word pursuit of happiness. The right to preserve the life has liberty and pursuit of happiness therefore was the basic promise State actually made to its citizens as one of its basic duties towards citizens.

Communicable Diseases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communicable Diseases - Essay Example â€Å"Infectious diseases† have affected man at every stage of his evolution, but it is only recently that he has begun to understand that these diseases are not the result of â€Å"invisible† enemies, but rather microscopic ones. Communicable diseases are a group of infectious diseases â€Å"that are capable of being spread directly (through contact with bodily secretions) or indirectly (through contact with inanimate objects) transmitted from person to person† (Ilyas, p. 520, 2007). Common diseases such as influenza, measles, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and AIDS come under this heading. Their prevalence in a community however depends on the degree of defensive power of the body against that infectious agent. Communicable diseases can be termed epidemic â€Å"if the number of susceptible individuals is very large in a community and the disease is likely to spread rapidly, or if it occurs for the first time in an area where it was not previously present† (Ilyas, p520, 2007). However, â€Å"if the immune and susceptible individuals are equal in a community, the disease continues to smolder and is always present in that community, it is said to prevail in an endemic formâ⠂¬  (Ilyas, p520, 2007). A pandemic form is one in which â€Å"the susceptibility of the whole world or a country is increased for a particular organism† (Ilyas, p520, 2007). Some communicable diseases have been known for centuries. For example, Tuberculosis has been mentioned in literature by the name of â€Å"phthisis† or â€Å"dried up† by Hippocrates around 460 B.C. (Hippocrates, n.d.). Some diseases however, have only recently surfaced, but in short time have led to major global health problems. For example, the Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first discovered in 1981 in the US, when five homosexual men with a special type of pneumonia were tested

Practice exams Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Practice exams - Assignment Example By analyzing annual balance sheet, one is able to determine the economy-wide Assets, Net worth as well as liabilities. d. Analysis of a country’s international investment position as well as balance of payments- This is where one looks into investments a country has made in other parts of twirled and this forms part of the assets. c. Why do bank orientated financial systems compared to market orientated financial systems tend to have more severe economic downturns (or loss of output and bigger asset price falls) during a financial crisis? (3 marks) Financial systems relying on the banking systems tend to develop their own policies and therefore have their own pricing. On the other hand, market oriented work with tee current trends in the world economy and therefore it is easy for them to prepare for economic crisis. What are the four main supply-side factors that domestic policymakers can target in order to raise the â€Å"potential output/ income† of an economy? (4 marks) Provide a recent policy example for Australia. (1 mark) What are the potential costs and benefits for China to easing restrictions and eventually liberalizing cross-border capital flows between China and the rest of the world? (Pros and cons - 2 marks each = 4 marks) China should involve other participants in the financial markets in regulation and control of its growth credit and deposit rates. This will encourage more international investors into their financial systems. a. The current account surplus of China has reduced from over 10% of GDP in 2007 to a projected surplus of about 2.4% of GDP in 2014. While the US current account deficit has reduced from almost 5% of GDP in 2007 and forecast to be a deficit of about 2.8% of GDP in 2014. What does this indicate? (5 marks) b. A key driver of relatively low global bond yields in recent years has been the â€Å"global savings glut†, whereby many Asian & oil exporting countries ran large

Cultural Changes To Organisations Apple Case Study Business Essay

Cultural Changes To Organisations Apple Case Study Business Essay This essay was primary design to examine the important of the cultural changes to organisations using Apple as a Case Study, gathering different systematic approach with variable models, then having examined the core aspect of culture, the leadership quality, organisation structure, performance management and the human resource strategy, to analyse possible outcome of any chosen approach for the predicted changes. It was discovered that there is no one way approach to the end result, in recommendation to this complexity nature however, conclusion where made, that sacrifice have to be made to get rid of the bad aspect of the organisation to retain this goods, that it is rather totally impossible to have a holistic and unique organisation without some form of setback if organisations objectives are to be achieved. More so the recommendations made where in great consideration of Apples corporate culture. What is culture of Apple? Apple incorporation is todays one of the biggest if not the biggest organisation culture change trend master, in the past few years apple as being in the light of it totally perceive genius ways of getting thing done with a different, however Apples corporate culture is constantly changing as a result of changes to its leadership/CEO from time to time. Apples corporate culture is characterise by its intense work ethic and casual work culture (case study p.3) observers also noted that Apple culture is centred on secrecy and very hard discipline for employees that void the rule by sharing information. To gain an in-depth understanding of this we must dwell into Apple historical background, it pros and cons, and the possibility of future management. Therefore the empirical question would be what is the culture of Apple? What is culture? Culture has been describe by many authors, school of thoughts, theories to mention a few in relation to its conceptual usage, it has been described for example as the dominant values espoused by an organisation, the commonly held and relatively stable set of beliefs, attitudes, values and norms that exit throughout an organisation the basic assumption and beliefs that are share by member of an organisation. In recent time culture has been refer to as the way things are done around here. Lynch (2006, p.37) culture refers to the shared understandings and meanings of that members have concerning an organisation. Rather as individuals have distinctive personalities organisation have their own particular culture. Some will be friendly, relaxed and informal while others will be highly formal aloof and hostile. Also Drenna(1992).in senior.B (1997).p101)says culture is what typical of the organisation, the habits the prevailing attitudes, the grown up pattern of accepted and expected behavio ur . The main feature of culture is that even though there are many organisational differences there seem to be share understandings within them. Culture tends to build gradually in rational thinking of groups with the system which later forms a sub/dominant culture. Using Handy (1993) cultural model, handy opine that A culture cannot be precisely define, for it is something that is perceived, something felt handy (p. 191).however he pointed out the four type of culture in organisation which are explain in fig1.1. Type Metaphor Characteristics Power Culture A web Control from centre; political and entrepreneurial ,personal power serves the figure-head and the leader Role Culture The Greek Temple Classical structure; bureaucratic; role identity position power predominate, serves the structure Task culture A net Valued individual expertise and contribution focus on completing the job, both personal and position powers are important; high level of collaboration base on group unity. Person culture A cluster or galaxy Combine of a lose collection of individuals-pursuing own goal but share common facility, power not necessary a focus because members are experts in their own field. This culture serves the individual. Fig1.1 The four culture type highlights how power and control are utilized by organisation and of whose interest are they serving? certainly theres an element of power culture at Apple inc, as noted in the case study, Steve entrepreneurship style had giving way for personal ideology and more-or-less gain control over the system, he is characterise as Apple a mirror image of Apple, of course we can say this is of Advantage, but the bad aspect is the span of control and politic associated with Steve upon returning back in late 1990s, when he changed the culture back to the way its use to be when he was at the apex Apple. Also the Role culture could be link with eras of Sculley, and other leaders who try to formalize the structure by imposing their own rule, neglecting the important of project groups, which is central to the Task culture even though individual expertise at Apple is crucial to its innovation the only existing collaboration is based on secrecy. A typical reflection of Apple is t he individual culture we may say is the Person culture as different geeks work tiredly to bring about a unique invention based on their expertise. Is the culture good or bad for Apple? According to, Van backer(case study p.10), ( Backer)an analyst at Gartner inc, noted when Apple goes out to hire somebody, the no 1 criteria isnt how much experience you have or who you know .its whether they think you will fit into the culture. Secrecy seems very good for Apples corporate culture as it brought good market value for the product, innovation, and keeps customer loyalty going, the downside of this though is the culture of Secrecy had eaten deep into both the internal and external environment of Apple, they became so paranoid that employee were not allow to share internal information, they call it the surprise factor (case study P.11 1). Clearly this will affect employees engagement and leads to de-motivation of individuals, another is legal ethics surrounding secrecy that leads to big bail out in legal battle, which of course is bad for the corporate image and share profit. Reasonably any changes to the secrecy culture without due care may affect performance and alter t he structure. Nevertheless the culture seems unique but can it function without structure, the leadership, performance and strategy? Ideally, we can communicate this by a thorough analysis of the model below; take note that the model is a non linear model as all the elements are inter-related and interdependent. Fig1.2 A model of relationship between culture, leadership, performance, strategy and structure. The model explained that culture is interdependent with the other four linked organisational behaviour, that any alteration at the centre point (culture) will have a major effect on the these linked elements in any direction, in a simple form an alteration of culture as a result of leadership change will also result in structural change, impacted the strategy, and affect the performance, the rebounds effect may occur in vice-visa order, which in turns brings complexity rather than flexibility. As organisation faces difficult obstacles in providing systemic changes to culture, the most successful organisations are belief to be those with a clear understanding of the important changes from the four elements; this view is supported by various scholars, Cameron and Quinn (2006) emphasis this life cycle shift in culture that had developed in Apple over time. Noticeable in the case study is the commentators reference to Apple as a unique culture, analysts argued that Steve the CEO of Apple is the best marketer in the world, this is good but his leadership style suggests a different view. For instance secrecy is the pinnacle of Apples strategic marketing culture. The initial exit of Steve saw a change in leadership that resulted in different performance and strategy, when Sculley was brought on by Steve to help, as a manager, this itself would obviously alter the Structure, because the strategy was not yielding good results. Which cause a drastic change of performance as the new leader struggle to change the previous culture. Apple was known to appreciate and value its employee, it worth noting that whereas motivational theories such as B.F Skinner (1974), Mintberg (1979), have highlighted the importance of reward and value as the ideological stimuli that motivate individual to work, in contrast, at Apple any universal concept of motivation might not work, because of how Apple justifies its reward system with a do or die culture. More so the structure at Apple Inc is becoming complex as it evolves into a different pattern over the years. FIG2 Hierarchy and Flat structure THE EFFECT OF STRUCTURE The above is an illustration of a standardize structure of organisation formulated by many scholars over the year to explain organizational functionality; the flat is more prominent to entrepreneurship, with suitable element of informal, charismatic, and informal leadership quality but grapevine in nature while the other is ideal for a larger organisation, this was centred by the work of Mayo (1934) in Hawthorn study and was later confirmed by Huczynski and Buchanan,(2007 p.460). It is said the right structure must support strategy, be appropriate-reflecting the goals of individual or the organisation. It must remain flexible and be permissive to communication. However, of all the supportive research is the work of Canadian academic, Henry Mintzberg. According to Mintzberg (1979) an organisational structure is the sum total of the way in which it divides its labour into distinct tasks and then achieve coordination between them. also structure is define as the established pattern of relationship between the components parts of an organisation, out lining both communication control and authority patterns .supportive to this also is Wilson and Rosenfeld(1990) explained that structure distinguishes the parts of an organisation and delineates the relationship between them. This is supported by Apples trend in organisation structure which is more complex than initially perceived, for instance Apple is seen as the pioneer of work hard play hard ethic. Equally important is the frequent changes in culture as different leaders tried to adopt a different approach to reorganise the structure, it is interesting that analyst said Apple adopted a style that was not too far too formal or hierarchical and that the approach was more result-driven.the other bad effect of Apple structure is it tend to yield to favouritism, unfairness and biases, this bad thing of having a formal structure, as employees complain of organisational politics within the system, this will no doubt de-motivate staff morale. In ugly circumstances as a reference to the case study, any poor performance at Apple will not be consistent with its culture; it is important to say that any change in culture will resort in change in structure, however if the structure cannot survive without the culture then where do we inject the leadership style to bring about ultimate performance? Apple structure is neither hierarchy nor flat we could say its more of a hybrid or matrix, the flat is more organic which is prone to bureaucracy according to Max webber in analyst of organisation he had identified the principle of bureaucracy as a continuous organisation that is bound by rules. Webber outline the importance of ideal bureaucracy to an organisation as positive and rational unlike the other which he described as domination as charismatic authority and traditional authority .thus we are likely to adjust the culture to fit the structure as the case of Apple might be, ideally the Adhocracy culture may be implemented. Apples ideal culture Vs Structure Cameron and Quinn (2006) gave an insight into what an ideal adhocracy culture is, they went on to say that there are four types of culture develops within different dimension, the four culture namely the Clan culture, the Hierarchy Culture, the Market Culture and the Adhocracy Culture. The assumption were that organisation were in business to develop new ideas, new product and thus be able to respond to the hyper turbulent world, therefore the major task of management would be to forester creativity, entrepreneurship and innovation. The good picture is Apple structure is informal which promotes cratetivity, and recognises the important of leadership charisma, its a bitter end as this can only work effectively in smaller organisation. Adhocracy have been characterised as tents rather than palaces in sense that they are temporary and response to situational changes rapidly, taking advantage of flexibility and ambiguity. As Apple is a technological industry which must learn to adjust and respond to change in product and market value, Apples culture is dynamic because of the visionary and risk of it leadership effectiveness, as their focus is leading edge of new products and producing unique and original product. However is important to state that the transformation of Apple largely rely on leadership quality and employee commitment to it structural and cultural changes whenever the needs arise. Fig 2.1 A representation of Apples organisation formation structure. AGENT OF TRANSFORMATION AND THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP Leadership as a concept has been an interesting centre piece to different fields of thought, to the ordinary man; a leader is just a symbolic head, but as a supportive element by theorists and analysts a definite category of classification; it is said the most important type of leaderships are of the following: the charismatic, the traditional, the situational, the appointed, the functional and the principle centred leader for the purpose of this essay we will look at leadership from management perspective, according Cole(2004), leadership is define as the following: leadership at work is a dynamic process whereby one individual in a group is not only responsible for the group results but actively seeks the collaboration and commitment of all the group members in a achieving group goals in a particular context and against the background of a particular national culture INNOVATORS The leadership style of Apple is highly represented by their iconic CEO Steve that is highly regarded for his innovative, creative and marketing strategies. Using classification of leadership, his style could be linked as the transformational leader according to Burns (1978), which is characterised by the transformation of organisation, creativity and innovation with the purpose to engender commitment. This is genuinely good for Apple, However the simplicity of his approach could resort in the downfall of his perceived personality and organisational performance, for instance if this was ideal for the organisational culture then the question would be the sited instances of global workforce revolting against the culture of secrecy used by Apple as an accepted way to move the company forward. The side effect of Steves charismatic role at Apple is what happens when he leaves the organisation! Will this mean theres no other possible replacement for his strategy and the portrait of Apple i s damages for good? If apple is to maintain its status quo as the number one most valued company in the world then it needs to engage itself in some form of leadership reorientation as over the past decade different management/leaders have tied to change the culture of apple and its structure only to head back to the starting point which is where they are today, Steve job certainly must be doing some right, concrete evidence suggest that Steve job must have outperformed his expectation to the board of management as emphasized in the case study. CONSTRAINTS the ripple effect of change of leaders/managers at Apple inc emphasis the need for change in culture, however this changes also brought about change in structure as each leader tries to implement his/her own ideology, arguable is the internal problem that apple faces from its reorganisation, for instance the appointment of Sculley who was credit for making Apple one of the biggest and fastest-growing corporation in the US.(case study p.5 ).A series of failure in the early 90s again brought another power shift when the board decided it time for leadership change and Micheal pindler was appointed in 1993 to replace Sculley, Spinder also fail to perform as expected ,Amelio could have being the one man that brought the last drastic change into apple because of his focus on Apple product line and workforce reduction but fail follow Apples corporate culture, once more Steve was back in business to turn things Around. A key point to his transformational leadership style, nevertheless it wou ld appear that the board were more interested in performance rather than leadership quality or style; however performance cannot be divorced from leadership. THE ACHIEVER Performance, theres no generalised definition of performance; it has being said that performance cannot be easily defined as you cannot measure or manage it. However few management researchers have noted the core different of performance from other fields in comparison to management sectors. Performance is more adapted to performance management day in day out, therefore performance could be agreed to be of relevance to situational changes. Armstrong and Baron (1998) define performance management as a strategic and integrated approach to delivering sustained success to organization by improving the performance of the people who work in them by developing the capability of team and individual who work in them.. Therefore, it provides avenue for knowledge on organizational objectives and goals and a spectrum to manage and train individual in order to achieve to such objectives Armstrong stress that performance is strategic because it is concern with broader issues facing organizational effectiveness. As evidence in the case study the market value of Apple against the backdrop of its financial performance over the years in Exhibit VIII, it is clear that in the past decade there being a major profit share in the company, more so recently Apple posted all time record revenue with increase earnings of 78 percent, as of July 2010. Apple posted record revenue of $15.7 billion and also quarterly profit of $3.25 billion, (APPLE press release 2006). Surely the share holders would be very pleased with the result. These results compare to workforce engagement and the strategy used to achieve result cannot be overlooked, Apple was known to appreciate its employees. It was consider a great place to work for people who are personate about what they did. (Case study p.3) also experts felt one of the key success to Apples performance is its ability to attract and retain key personnel in technical, marketing and staff positions. Nevertheless financial performance in one comfort zone for the company identity externally, but does this speak the same for the internal general audit of employee of Apple who work tirelessly for over 60hours to get this results out. The secrecy involved creating the competitive edge and the sighted instance of the Chinese employees that commit suicide then how engaged are the staff of Apple incorporation. In reality if we alter the strategic approach of performance which rely on secrecy and long hour working ethic, surely this would revert the profit standing of Apple ,therefore this cant be achieved although the element of secrecy may be bad, this however may not be change as the entire strategy and organisation culture rely on it to survive. The unique culture of Apple which is base on the leadership style of one man approach: Steve jobs, can it survive after the exit of jobs. its plausible to say yes as jobs himself claim he had trained others to manage whenever he is no longer available, however the determination of each individual could result in systemic failure of the culture as every leader approach with a different goal setting. If the goal serve as the basis for motivation, and the goals are set by managers, industrial standard or base on negotiation, how then do you motivate individual, researchers Add a few more noted that one can be motivated by target set against the others while you could be de-motivated by over pressured standard. levison (1972)highlights this in Asinine attitude towards motivation, in relation to reward or punishment to motivate workers, more so borrowing the work of Hygiene theory of motivation by Herzberg (1968),which he claim that the most important motivator or satisfier are Achievement Recognition Work itself Responsibility Advancement. While the following called hygiene factors or dissatisfies Company policy and administration. Supervision-the technical aspects. Salary. Interpersonal relations-supervision Working conditions. Herzberg pointed out that these factors were intrinsically related to the content of work, i.e. with intrinsic challenge, interest and the individual responses generated by them. If applied to Apple, how do we justify the working condition of staff who work for long hours to get the job done, or does the secrecy atmosphere bring about individual motivation or fear of punishment has whoever fail to comply to the culture is noticeably punished, the reward scheme in apple for those that come up with innovative technology like iphone, mac ipad could result in esteem of individual while the punishment approach on the other hand is detrimental to the public image of Apple as any failure leads to sacking individual or leakage of secret will automatically result in dismissal. Therefore we could say any universal concept of motivation might not work in Apple cooperate culture base on perceived punishment and reward of staff performance, thus Apple cooperate culture is zero experience and no stability of staff until now though it has worked for the company. Even though the strategy may be consider risky. Apple target young staff recruits with less commitment and more glory seeking rather than experience. However is worth saying the older generation are not mush expandable. This could be explain using Maslow (1956) Hierarchy of needs, which he associated the important of needs to motivate individual, starting from basic needs called physiological needs, follow by safety needs, then love needs, esteem needs, and self actualisation. He emphasis that as one needs is fulfil we move up to another. A key point to Apple Staff retention Goal setting (locke,shaw sari latham 1981)A change in goal will foreseen a better Apple as a company, for example Apple has always focus on improving on a previous product i.e. Iphone1,2,3..4.e.tc while not come up with something entirely different and innovative. Even though Apple came up with a micro palm device name ipad, it still relied entire on the old operating system which is gradually facing out as competition grows in the technology industry. Again the past ten years down the line Steve Jobs was back the in same job at the apex of the company after many failures of different managers at various stages of cultural development within Apple inc. even though Jobs is making money for apple for now the question is will same strategy that fails at the initial past decade in culture, work for the future? A do or die culture was Apples it ideal for apple? For instance sculley tried for Apple for about five years, thus due to cultural strategy of sculley, the board got rid of him. At this juncture the answer would be it all depends on many factors conserving strategy culture and variable element to forecast the future. THE OVERALL STRATEGY Ohmae (1982), comment that what business strategy is all about is, in a word, competitive advantage. Without competitors, there would be no need for strategy, for the sole purpose of strategic planning is to enable the company to gain, as efficiently as possible, a sustainable edge over its competitors. different academics, have define strategy in reflexion of objective and organisational goal with viable attribute to structure. Chandler (1962) defines strategy as the determination of the basic long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and allocation of resources necessary for carry out those goals. In a simple word strategy must encompass various aspect of organisational defitions, create analysis while making choice before implantation and return back to analyse result. This is represented in strategic process below .by Johnson and scholes (2006). The strategy process Strategy Analysis Implementation Choice HRM Finance operations sales/marketing All the above are based on structure and corporate culture, therefore the overall strategy at Apple is subjected to many reviews taking in to consideration their strength, i.e. secrecy and brand packaging, the unique and trend product, and the possible side effect that comes with ethical issues like radiations, one man culture-Steve, an alteration will result in change in performance, therefore this are necessary tool for Apple to keep, if they are to maintain continues brand and global advantage. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION Base on reviews of different model in relation to the impact of corporate culture at Apple the following conclusion can be made: There is a significant effect of Apples corporate culture on leadership, performance and reward, strategy and structure. There is also significant impact of the corporate culture on the internal and the external environment. The following recommendations are opinionated: There should be a minimal structural adjustment to Apples corporate culture; management should make sure to reduce dissonance, workers are allowed in decision-making process and team interaction be also allowed. Employee should be made adequately aware of the organisational gains, loses, management policies and goals and a reasonable reward scheme in place to motivate workers. Has secrecy is both good and bad for the organisation it should be kept at a level that encourage performance and it share understanding among the employees and manage since is a necessary evil that cant be gotten rid of. Leadership role should also in context of management training to retain future management and valuable culture.

Escape from Industrialization in Wells The Time Machine Essay examples

Escape from Industrialization in Wells' The Time Machine      Ã‚      Our society craves an escape from life.   When our tedious jobs bog us down, we escape into a hobby.   When the responsibilities of school tire us, we escape in a vacation.   When world affairs take a frightening turn of events, we escape in a good movie or absorbing book.   There are countless distractions available to lighten our heavy minds and ease our anxieties.   But it was not always as easy as it is today.   What if distractions such as these were available only to a leisured class?   What if the average person did not have the means to escape, even in small ways?   This was the dilemma in late Victorian England.   The people who needed and craved escape the most, the working and poor classes, could not achieve it.   Industrialization had locked many of them into their subservient social positions, disallowing any means of even temporary escape from the harshness of Victorian life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   H.G. Wells' The Time Machine addresses this desire to escape.   The unnamed Time Traveler himself does not necessarily have the desire to escape from Victorian life.   He is wealthy and educated enough to spend his days creating a time machine to satisfy his desire to explore time.   But escapism is addressed in his changing theories about the origin and nature of the Eloi and Morlocks, whom he encounters in his travels.   Related to this theme of escape is the concept of progress not universally yielding good.   The Time Machine speaks to the powerful late Victorian themes of escape and progress, painting a frightening picture of the dystopia that could result from the Victorians' ruthless exploitation of the working class during industrialization.   Begi... ...k. "The Railway God" The Birth of Neurosis: Myth, Malady, and the Victorians.   Simon & Schuster: New York, 1984. 108-122.   "Man or Beast?   The Lasting Effects of Darwin."   Victorian Monstrosities Essay 2.   3 December 2001. http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/rtotaro/ENL4122Essay2.htm Mitchell, Sally. "Class, Tradition, and Money" and "Working Life" Daily Life in Victorian England. Greenwood: Westport, Connecticut, 1996. 19-39, 43-61. Rose, Holly, Toni Veloce, and Bobby Zarnecki. "Feminism and Literature: A Look at Sarah Grand and The Heavenly Twins." Victorian Monstrosities Group Presentation. Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida. 6 Nov. 2001.   Stevenson, Robert Louis. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. New York: Dover, 1991.   Wilde, Oscar.   The Picture of Dorian Gray.   New York: Dover, 1993.  

Indenting

Indenting Principles of indenting: – ? Budget. ? Type of Establishment. ? Method of Preparation. ? Availability in Season. ? Place of Availability. ? Left overs in Hand. 1] Budgeting: – Budget of an orgnisation. A fixed indenting that means amount of money which is spent for a particular dish. e. g. : – A particular dish can be prepared by using expensive items as given in the original recipe, but if it does not fit the budget some manipulation have to be done use of substitutes n inferior quality ingredients can be used. Portion size can be reduced keeping the price of the dish constant which will directly affect indenting. ] Type of Establishment: – The amount of food required for different places is different. e. g. : – Industrial canteens serve 150 gms of rice per portion whereas rice served in a buffet or banquet party of a 5 star hotel is 40-50 gms per portion. 3] Method of Preparation: – It also affect indenting that means many ways ca n be used to prepare n get a desire result. For a dish n amount of ingredients vary directly due to the different methods of preparation. e. g. : – Rice can be prepared by draining method or absorption method the yield in draining method is much more than absorption method.So it affects indenting. 4] Availability in Season: – Food ingredients available in the season should be used for preparing a dish which affect indenting directly. e. g. : – In preparation of Aloo Mutter during season fresh peas should be indented n in off season dried or frozen. 5] Place of Availability: – For purchasing of food ingredients in hotel and organizations, tenders are invited and suppliers with the lower quotation and good quality get the order. The quantity is considered while indenting the price which should be reasonably low than other quotation. 6] Leftovers in Hands: –They are used to make up new dishes and serve to the customers as today’s special. This helps the organisations to control wastage of food and the additional item will also reduce indenting of goods. Portion for Bulk Production Quantity and portion for bulk production are as follows: – A] Rice: – †¢ Absorption Method: – 100 gms per portion. †¢ Draining Method: – 75-80 gms per portion. †¢ Industrial Canteen: – 125-150 gms per portion. †¢ Buffet: – 40-50 gms per portion. Proportion of rice and Vegs is 2:1 and rice and mutton is 4:3. B] Indian Breads: – C] Mutton: – †¢ Mutton with bones 125 gms per portion. Without bones 80 gms per portion. †¢ If served in a thali 40-50 gms per portion. †¢ Minced meat 60 gms per portion. †¢ Chicken with bone 125 gms per portion. †¢ Chicken with bone 75 gms per portion. †¢ Avearge or Std wt of Chicken is 1. 36 kg. †¢ 1 Kg of boneless chicken in gives 450-500 gms. †¢ Tandoori chicken is served 2 portion from per chicken. †¢ Roast chicken is served 4 portion from a chicken. †¢ Chicken used for gravies 8 portion from per chicken. †¢ Chicken used in soups 30 gms per portion. D] Fish: – – 1 std fish gives 5 portion and 2 or 4 fillets which is 80 gms per portion. – Prawns without shelling 120 gms per portion.After shelling 100 gms per portion. E] Veg: – ? Besan used 250 gms for 1 kg of potatoes ? Oil 7. 5ml per wada. ? 1 kg of sago- 50 wada. F] Dal: – 1. 30 gms per portion but when served in a buffet 10-12 gms per portion. Chana, Rajma, Chawli – 40 gms per portion becomes double after boiling and 120 gms of gravy after preparation. 2. 1 kg of udid dal gives 55 nos of medu wadas. 3. 1 kg of chana dal gives 45 nos of dal wadas. 4. For idlis rice and dal proportion is 2:1. 1 kg will give 40 dosa. 5. 1 coconut gives 200 ms of coconut which serve 30 people. 6. Pickles 0. 5 per portion. 7. Papad 1 per portion. 5-30 nos per packet. G] Desserts: – †¢ Sheera 40 gms of rawa 30 gms sugar, 10 gms of fat, 80-100 ml of water or milk for 1 porion. †¢ Semiyan Kheer, Semiya 15 gms, milk 100 ml, sugar 30-40 gms, fat 10-15 gms per portion. If dry semiyas is made 45-50 gms is taken for one portion and milk is reduce accordingly. †¢ Gulab Jamun, 1kg of mawa-80 gulab jamun. 200 gms of refined flour for binding 2 kg of sugar for syrup. †¢ Jalebi, 1 kg of maida, 200 gms of bean, 200 ml of oil, 200 gms curd and 2 kg of sugar for syrup. †¢ Boondis, 1kg of besan- 5kg of sweet boondies, suagr 2. 5 kg. 1 kg of besan gives 2. 5-3 kg of Khara Boondi. Custard for 2 portion, 1 egg, 30 gms sugar, 150 ml milk, 7-8 gms gelatine. †¢ Rasgullas, 1 ltr of milk gives 300-400 gms cottage cheese which gives 40 rasugullas, suagr 2 kg for syrup. Practical difficulties involved in indenting: – Indenting is similar to requisition which is an inter-department document sent for a particular requirement which may be dry goods, food stuf fs, cleaning materials or stationery. However in terms of food it is always referred to an indent which means a document stating requirement of goods in terms of description, quality specification, units and quantity required etc. t is sent to the stores. Stores collect indent from various department and collectively place order to the supplier to send such material on a specified date and time. Factors affecting indenting in the terms just explained above it is not easy when indenting for smaller quantity for 1 recipe because 1 batch of goods would be excess for that recipe. Indenting for a 1000 meal or buffet or banquet or coffee shop or industrial canteen is much easier than indenting. For single portion the factors considered while in denting for large quantity are:- ] No of persons: – Larger the number of people lesser the quantity. 2] No of items on the menu: – More the no of items quality are less. 3] Choice provided on the menu. 4] No of non-veg items on the me nu. 5] Vegetarian alternatives. 6] No of vegetarians. 7] Beef, Mutton, Chicken etc eaten. 8] Inclusion of Indian bread. 9] Types of Clientele. 10] Choice of desserts provided. 11] Consistency of the dish. E. g. thick or thin gravies. 12] Selling price of the menu. 13] par stock of raw material. 14] Mise-en-place to be done. 15] Type of service. E. g. Banquet, buffets or table service[pic][pic]

Historical perspective Essay

The purpose of this report is to explore the issue of distance learning from various points of view. To start with, the report seeks to provide the definition of the term ‘distance learning’, along with its implication to the various participants. Further, the report also attempts to trace the historical background of distance learning, and how the concept has evolved over the years, together with an assessment of the various institutions of higher learning that have embraced this concept of education. Distance education is believed to have been around for as long as 1728, and the various institutions of learning have been embracing it slowly by slowly. This is yet another area that has been addressed by this report. In addition, the use of technology for purposes of delivering distance education has also been evaluated, as well as the ensuing limitations during the testing or evaluation of distance learning. A remedy on the same has also been provided. We have a number of theories that impacts on distance education and these have also been explored by this report. The issue of interconnectivity between an instructor and his/her students is very important to distance education. This issue has also bee assessed by this report. Finally, this report has endeavoured to determine the distance learning systems in the various levels of education, and how they impact on both the teacher and the student (s). Introduction Distance learning is a term used in reference to an education field whose main emphasis is on andragogy, pedagogy instructional and technology systems design (Moore & Kearsley 2005). The sole objective of distance learning is to give access to ‘off site’ students. As opposed to a physical attendance to the various courses, students and teachers instead opt to make use of advancement in technology, by way of exchanging electronic or even printed media. Alternatively, they may also decide to apply real time communication, such as online chatting. There are instances in literature whereby certain authors have sought to use â€Å"distance learning† and â€Å"distance education† as a substitute to each other (Moore & Kearsley 2005). Distance learning’s hallmark is having the learner or student and the teacher separated either in time or space. It is a desire of distance learning planners to have student control their learning process, as opposed to having the assigned distant instructor do this. This is in addition to ‘non-contagious’ correspondents between a teacher and his student. Such a correspondence could be reconciled with either print, or another type of technology (Moore & Kearsley 2005). From this perspective then, this report seeks to explore the various issues that impacts on of distance learning. In line with this, the definition of this term shall be given, along with the historical perspective of the issue at hand. It is also the intention of this report to assess the philosophies and theories that could be related to distance learning, in addition to their interpretation. There are quite a number of systems of technology that are used in the implementation of the distance learning concept, and these too, shall be assessed by this report. Finally, the limitations that may be associated with distance learning will also be explored, not to mention the benefits to both the users and the providers alike. Distance learning subscribes to a few theories, and these are explored in this report, along with the various systems of distance education that may be found in the different educational levels. Historical perspective Distance education may be traced as early as 1728 when a Boston Gazette run an advertisement about a teacher who taught shorthand, and who was seeking to have his students receive the lessons for the course via correspondence. During the 1840s in Great Britain, Isaac Pitman, a teacher in shorthand, is believed to have taught this skill to his student via correspondence (Holmberg 2005). Amongst the pioneer universities to offer degree courses by distance learning was the University of London in 1858, when they created an External programme (Holmberg 2005). In 1873, the city of Boston, Massachusetts founded a society whose goal was to enhance home studies. The University of Queensland, Australia, created a Correspondence Studies Department in 1911 (Holmberg 2005). Not to be left out, the University of South Africa (UNISA) started to offer education courses by correspondence in 1946 (Holmberg 2005). Extramural studies were started in 1960 in New Zealand, at the Massey University. The Open University that was established in the UK in 1969 remains to-date the largest university to offer distance education. Fern Universitat was established in Hagen Germany in 1974. Over the years, there are a lot of related institutions that have been founded, a majority of whom have embraced the term open university. We have a lot of public, private, for-profit and non-profit institutions that are today offering degree programs and other courses via distance learning. With regard to the accreditation levels, these usually differ, based on such factors as location jurisdiction. For instance, an institution could be termed as â€Å"University† at one jurisdiction, even without being first having received authorization or accreditation, often times by a county’s national government. However, such a description may not apply in another jurisdiction. Even amongst the mainstream universities, there is a growing trend towards online education, up to the doctoral level (Merriam, Caffarella & Baumgartner 2007). In its history, distance learning may be said to have passed through five technology ‘generations’ (Moore & Kearsley 2005). These includes print, video/audio teleconferencing, video/audio broadcasting, e-learning, and webcasting, among others. Still, the radio has managed to maintain its position as a viable medium for the dissemination of distance education, and this is especially the case amongst the developing countries, thanks largely to the level of the masses that it manages to reach out to. In India for example, the FM Channel has gained immense popularity. The universities have thus opted to employ this medium of communication for purposes of education programmes broadcasting in a variety of areas. Some of these areas include for instance rural development, science education, teacher education, creative writing, as well as agriculture programmes meant for the farmers. Nowadays, PDAs, mp3 players as well as Smart Phone are increasingly gaining immense popularity. So much so that a number of professors have gone ahead and allow their students to both watch and listen to a video of for example, a certain course in the form of a Podcast (Lever-Duffy & McDonald 2008). This has further led to a rise in the distribution medium for distance learning content. Use of technology in the delivery of distance education There are two groups of technology that distance learning employs; asynchronous and synchronous. Synchronous technology refers to an online delivery mode in which all the various participants have to be â€Å"present† simultaneously. In this case, there emerges the need to organise a timetable beforehand, for this particular event. Videoconferencing, telephone and web conferencing are just but a few examples of the synchronous technology that we have today, and which is at times applied to distance learning. On the other hand, asynchronous technology refers to an online delivery mode in which the various participants are able to access the materials of their courses at will that is on a schedule that is convenient to them (Lever-Duffy & McDonald 2008). As such, it is not a requirement that the students have to be together simultaneously. Audiocassette, Message Board Forums, Videocassete, E-mail and fax/Voice Mail are all examples of asynchronous technologies. Limitations of Evaluation and testing distance learning For a long time now, distance learning has been faced with trouble in as far as testing is concerned. Test material delivery is an exercise that may be accomplished with relative ease. The manner in which this is done is such that a given student has the necessary material at their disposal, so that they are able to read these at their convenience. However, there arises a problem at a time when the distance learning students are needed to complete various tests and assignments (Berg 2002). One observation that has been noted with online courses is that it is usually extremely difficult for say, an instructor to control the students from cheating in tests, quizzes or even the main examinations. This is because dues to the lack of the physical presence of a teacher to facilitate a physical monitoring exercise over the students. In the case of a classroom situation, it is quite possible for a teacher to not only monitor the activities of students during examination time, but also uphold visually a certain integrity level that is in line with the reputation of an institution in question. In the case of distance education however, it becomes quite easy to have a student completely removed from a supervision exercise (Berg 2002). One way through which security to curb cheating by distance learning students may be effected is to ensure that all the final examinations get done at a location that is common to all students, to allow both professors and invigilators to directly supervise the students. The internet too, has come to the rescue of distance learning. Today, we have quite a number of websites that provides exam packages and software that are secure, in a bid to assist professors to control and manage distance learning students in a more effective manner. Theories of distance learning According to the distance education theory as postulated by Desmond Keegan, it is necessary that the system of distance learning be able to recreate artificially the learning-teaching interaction, in addition, the system should also be in a position to re-integrate such an interaction with the instructional process. The Iowa Model rests on this particular basis: providing a distance learner a traditional-like experience (that involves ‘face-to-face’ instruction), through the use of intact classrooms as well as live. On the other hand, the Norwegian Model has been known to traditionally integrate distance teaching that is mediated with local teaching that is often times face-to-face. Holmberg (2005) has attempted to explain the various duties of a teacher to distance learners. At a time when a teacher gets to meet with her students physically, thanks to an effective media choice, such a teacher ceases being ‘a communicator of a fixed body of information’ (Holmberg 2005), and instead assumes the role of a learning facilitator. From this point onwards the process of learning take on as a form of knowledge building between on the one hand, the students and on the other hand, the teacher. Today, the systems of distance learning takes into account an elevated interactivity level between a student and his teacher. This is also the case for the isolated or rural communities that could be separated from each other by for instance, several thousand miles. Distance learning systems The conventional approach to distance learning is that this is a form of education that is meant for the adult learners. However, it is important to appreciate that we also have institutions that have for a number of years now been actively involved in the provision of distance education to former high school students. Even then, we also have distance learning taking place at both the middle school and elementary levels. In this case, distance learning makes use of modules that are meant to enrich the curriculum, in addition to telecommunications projects that are in place. When we explore the issue of distance learning in secondary schools, this form of education is normally financially assisted by either the federal or the local government. The aim of the program therefore is to identify and fulfil the needs that small school districts within the rural areas may be faced with (Merriam et al 2007). It is also possible today for students from secondary schools to be enrolled in certain courses, so as to enable them attain the requirements of graduation for certain courses that may not be offered by their respective districts. There are those students that opt to enrol in foreign language, advanced placement or better still, vocational classes. There are also countless instances in which we have had gifted or talented students from high schools being chosen to enrol on distance classes, on the basis of their academic capacity and ability in as far as the execution of individual work is concerned. What this means is that the management exercise of classrooms turns into a much easier task. On the negative side however, we may end up with students that are quite disenfranchised (Lever-Duffy & McDonald 2008), with the result that they may end up facing a problem of managing their time, in addition to lacking discipline. Technology may be regarded as a principle portion of distance learning, yet it is a requirement that any programme that has succeeded in this field, ought to lay more emphasis on students needs, as opposed to the actual technology. In order for a system of distance learning to be considered successful, there is a need to ensure that interactivity takes place between on the one hand, the students and on the other hand, the teacher. In addition, interactivity is also required between the environment of learning and the students, as well as amongst the various students in a distance learning institution. Interactivity could assume various forms, and it is important to note here that video, audio as well as student-teacher interactions are not the only types of interactivity that could be applied to distance learning. Interactivity on the part of the student, may very well symbolize the kind of connectivity distance learning students are able to share with their teacher, in addition to facilitators, aides, peers and also local teachers. In the absence of connectivity there is a probability that distance learning may disintegrate into the conventional independent study of course model (Lever-Duffy & McDonald 2008). Bibliography Berg, G. A, 2002, Why distance learning? : higher education administrative practices. Greenwood Publishing Group, NY.Holmberg, B, 2005, The evolution, principles and practices of distance education. Bibliotheks- und Informationssystem der Universitat Oldenburg. p. 13. Lever-Duffy, J. and Jean B. McDonald, J. B, 2008, Teaching and learning with technology. New York: Pearson Education, Inc. , Merriam, S, Caffarella, R. , and Baumgartner, L, 2007, Learning in Adulthood New York: Wiley. Moore, M, and Kearsley, G, G, 2005, Distance education: a systems view (Second Ed). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Taylor, J. C. â€Å"The fifth generation of distance education’, Chinese Journal of Open Education Research, Vol. 3 (2003): 25 – 27.

Treatment of women by Shakespeare and Sophocles

Treatment of women by Shakespeare and Sophocles Othello, The moor of Venice was a play written by William Shakespeare and has contributed to his reputation as a great poet. Oedipus, was a play written by Sophocles and has secured great audience. There is similarity in both plays on how women are treated in the society. The essay will focus in outlining the different treatments accorded to the women as outlined by Shakespeare and Sophocles.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Treatment of women by Shakespeare and Sophocles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In both plays women are highly controlled by men in the society. Women are not accorded the right of making their own decisions. In Othello, Roderigo beliefs that he should be the one to marry Desdemona no matter what happens. Roderigo and Lago accuse Othello falsely and tell Brabanzio that he has stolen his daughter, Desdemona using witchcraft. ‘Transported, with no worse nor better guard, but with a knave of c ommon hire, a gondolier, Shakespeare 7.’ Further, Brabanzio attempts to control his daughter’s life by accusing Othello to the senate. Consequently, Desdemona confesses that since she is married to Othello, she is submissive to him. ‘So much I challenge that I may profess Due to the Moor my lord, Shakespeare 11.’ Lago controls Desdemona successfully and implicates her as having an affair with Cassio. Lago controls Emilia and lures her to commit crime. Emilia is submissive and obeys her husband’s order of stealing Desdemona’s handkerchief. Further, Lago attempts to silence Emilia in the end of the play after she realizes what he has done. In Oedipus, Creon kidnaps Antigone and Ismene since he is unsuccessful in abducting Oedipus. The kidnap shows how easily women are controlled by men. Further, Creon refuses to listen to explanation given by Antigone after she buries his brother. ‘No woman’s going to govern me no, no- not while Ià ¢â‚¬â„¢m still alive, Sophocles 4’ Women are accused falsely and tortured in both plays. In Othello, Lago accuses Desdemona of having an affair with Cassio. ‘O, beware, my lord, of jealousy, Shakespeare 23.’ Further, Othello accuses Desdemona of being a prostitute. Othello kills Desdemona because he thinks that she is unfaithful. Lago kills Emilia because she tells the truth and attempts to escape. In Oedipus, Creon sentence Antigone and Ismene to death simply because they have given their brother a proper burial. Despite the fact that he forgives Ismene, he orders that Antigone should be buried alive.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Creon attempts to kill Antigone when Haemon fails to support his judgment. ‘No, not when I see you making a mistake and being unjust, Sophocles 7’ After the advice given by the blind prophet, Creon i s reluctant to free Antigone. Antigone hangs herself because she is imprisoned and maltreated by Creon. In both plays the views of women are disregard. In Othello, the views of Desdemona being in love with Othello are only taken seriously after the judgment is given by the senate. ‘Adieu, brave Moor, use Desdemona well, Shakespeare 18.’ Othello disregards the views given by Desdemona on reinstating Cassio to his position. As a matter of fact, he interprets the views presented by Desdemona as being due to an affair with Cassio. Othello disregards the explanation that Desdemona has in regard to the accusation of being unfaithful and kills her. ‘Shes, like a liar, gone to burning hell, Shakespeare 28.’ After Othello killed Desdemona, he believed more in Lago who was lying than Emilia who was telling the truth. In Oedipus, Creon disregards the explanation given by Antigone after she buries her brother. ‘Tell me with no lengthy speech, Sophocles 6.’ The body of Antigone’s brother is exhumed which shows that her actions were disregarded by Creon. Oedipus fails to yield to Antigone’s plea of accepting his brother’s request. Oedipus refuses to be comforted by Jocasta which can be interpreted as disregard. ‘Listen to me I beg you, do not do this thing, Sophocles 18.’ Eurydice curses her husband and kills herself for the disaster that his pride has brought to the land. Eurydice had always warned Creon about his stubbornness and pride but he never yielded. Tragedy Theme of tragedy is well featured in both plays. Oedipus starts with a flashback of tragedy. Polynices and Eteocles are children of Oedipus who fight and end up killing each other. Creon orders that Polynices’s body should not be buried. Antigone buries the body secretly and is sentenced to death along with her sister Ismene. Afterwards Creon orders for release of Ismene but Antigone is to be buried alive in a tomb. The blind prophe t however warns Creon against this act as it will bring calamity to the land. ‘How good advice is valuable- worth more than all possessions, Sophocles 9.’ Haemon is the first person who arrives at the tomb where Antigone is imprisoned. He finds out that Antigone has committed suicide and is devastated. Upon arrival of his father Creon, Haemon throws a sword but misses him. Haemon kills himself after he fails to kill his father. After Eurydice learns that his son is dead she is devastated and stabs herself as well. Creon is not able to withstand the many tragedies and begs for his own death. ‘I don’t know where to look or find support, Sophocles 11.’Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Treatment of women by Shakespeare and Sophocles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The plague in the land is associated with murder of king Laius that took place long time ago. The remedy of the plague is bas ed on expulsion of the murderer of King Laius from the land. His murderer happens to be his own son King Oedipus who was raised in Corinth. His mother had sent a shepherd to kill him when he was a baby because it had been prophesied that the baby would kill his father and sleep with his mother. The shepherd opted to take the baby far away from Thebes but what had been prophesied was fulfilled since Oedipus killed his father and slept with his own mother. When Jocasta realizes that Oedipus was his son whom he has lived with as her husband she kills herself. Oedipus stabs out his eyes and orders Creon to take care of his daughters since he should be sent to exile. ‘Take care of them, Creon; do this for me, Sophocles 19.’ Oedipus dies in Athens and the city in which he is buried is safe from calamities. Creon is the main antagonist in the play as he betrays King Oedipus. His betrayal leads to many tragic events including death of his entire family. ‘Cruel mistakes th at bring on death, Sophocles 10.’ The calamity in the land is associated with tragic murder of King Laius. Both plays have featured the theme of Tragedy as evidenced by the death of main protagonists in both plays. In Othello, Desdemona is killed by her husband Othello because Lago makes him think that she is cheating on him. ‘O, falsely, falsely murdered! Shakespeare 30’ Roderigo plans to kill Cassio so as to prevent Othello from leaving with Desdemona since she loves her. Lago orders Roderigo to ambush and kill Cassio but instead Roderigo is wounded. ‘Here, at thy hand: be bold, and take thy stand, Shakespeare 32.’ Lago attempts to kill Cassio but only succeeds in wounding him. Lago pretends and accuses Roderigo of the attempted murder on Cassio and kills him. ‘O murderous slave! O villain! Shakespeare 33’ Lago kills Emilia after she told the truth and attempts to run away. Lago is seized by Lodovico and Graziano. Othello wounds Lago b ecause of his betrayal. Othello talks of how he would like to be remembered and kills himself. Lodovico gives Othello’s property to Graziano and orders for execution of Lago. ‘Graziano, keep the house, and seize upon the fortunes of the Moor, Shakespeare 36.’ Lago is the main antagonist who is the cause of tragedy.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He designs a plot to separate Desdemona and Othello which succeeds. However, the separation of Othello and Desdemona is associated with so many tragic events. Fairness and justice The theme of fairness is well featured by Shakespeare and Sophocles in their works. In Othello, Roderigo and Lago feign to search for justice by telling Brabanzio that Othello has stolen Desdemona using witchcraft. Brabanzio and Roderigo accuse Othello to the senate demanding him to release Desdemona. The senate rules fairly that Desdemona should be allowed to stay with Othello since she loves him. Cassio persuades Desdemona to plead with his husband on his behalf for him to be reinstated in his position. ‘Madam, my former suit: I do beseech you, Shakespeare 23’ The ill plot by Roderigo of separating Desdemona and Othello is accorded justice by the rule made by the senate. Roderigo’s attempt to kill Cassio is fruitless and is avenged by his death. When Cassio wounds Roderigo Lago interv enes and wounds him as well. Emilia pays for her mistakes of stealing Desdemona’s handkerchief with her life. Cassio is demoted for engaging in a fight and killing Brabanzio when he was drunk. Desdemona tries to plead with Othello to reinstate Cassio to his position to ensure justice and fairness. ‘Pray you, let Cassio be received again, Shakespeare 25.’ Further, Desdemona tries to explain to Othello that she is not involved in an affair with Cassio so that he could treat her fairly by not killing her. Othello kills Desdemona and tells Emilia that she has paid for being unfaithful to him with her life. Emilia tells the truth as a way of ensuring fairness. Lodovico and Graziano attempt to take Othello for trial because of killing Desdemona to ensure justice. ‘To the Venetian state, come, bring him away, Shakespeare 37.’ Othello pays for killing Desdemona with his life. ‘Killing myself, to die upon a kiss, Shakespeare 39.’ Lago is sentence d to death for his crimes and all the tragedy he has caused. Cassio was appointed to replace Othello as a way of justice since he had lost his position unfairly. In Oedipus, Antigone buries her brother as an act of being fair and respectful to him. Haemon refuses to side with injustice of his father by saying that Antigone should not be killed. ‘You’ll not catch me giving way to some disgrace, Sophocles 7.’ The blind prophet warns Creon of the impending disaster if Antigone is not freed from the tomb. Creon pays for all his crimes and unfairness by losing his entire family. The parents of Oedipus opted to kill their baby so as to prevent the injustice that had been prophesied concerning him. The shepherd who was told to kill baby Oedipus preferred taking him to another place rather than killing him. ‘I was told to get rid of it, Sophocles 18.’ The shepherd thought that his actions could be the only way to be fair to Oedipus and his parents. The blind prophet says that the murderer of King Laius is supposed to be expelled from the land as a remedy for the calamity that has stricken the land. When Oedipus learnt that he was the killer of his father he told Creon to send him to exile so as to pay for his sins. ‘Send me away from Thebes, Sophocles 19.’ Jocasta pays for the attempt to kill her baby with her life. Oedipus failed to support either of his sons because they did not support him when he was sent to exile. ‘Each of you suffers himself alone, Sophocles 16.’ Antigone tries to persuade his father to be lenient and fair with his sons. Athens is accorded the privilege of safety because the president helps Oedipus when he is in exile. Creon attempts to abduct Oedipus because he believes that he should be buried in Thebes for them to enjoy benefits of safety from calamities.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 25

Leadership - Essay Example An important skill that leaders must possess is communication skills. A good leader must have superb verbal and written communication skills. Verbal communication skills are required to inspire others to achieve a higher level of performance. Managers are responsible over the performance of the company and its entire staff. Excellent communication skills are needed by managers because they are require to submit different reports to a variety of stakeholder groups which include lenders, employees, suppliers, government, board of directors, and investors. Active listening skills are important for leaders to possess. The use of active listening implies fully concentrating on what is being said rather than just passively ‘hearing’ the message of the speaker (Skillsyouneed). A leader must have excellent analytical abilities due to the fact that leaders are exposed to vast amounts of information. He must be able to dissect information in order to make good operating decisions. Since leaders have to interact with lots of persons the leader must have good people and interpersonal skills. â€Å"Interpersonal skills are measures of how adept you are at interacting with others† (Ncsu). Leaders are assertive and have confidence in themselves. Two important abilities that leaders have are collaboration and teamwork. Teamwork has become a critical success factor in the 21st century. Leadership skills can be enhanced through the use of teamwork. Negotiation skills are also a part of the skill set of a leader. An important role that a leader must perform is to motivate others. A technique that leaders such as managers can use to motivate others is intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. An example of an extrinsic reward is offering financial incentives such as bon uses, while an intrinsic reward could be giving an employee a pad in the back for a job well done. Using teamwork can help develop the leadership, communication, and problem solving skills of the staff. A

Business Report about Dental coverage In Australia Assignment

Business Report about Dental coverage In Australia - Assignment Example The rising problem of getting timely dental treatment and increase in expenditures of the individuals has led to the intervention of the government in terms of increase in fund allocation and grant of licenses to more number of private insurers. The increase in the dental coverage in Australia has led to the rise in availability and affordability of dental care treatment for the people of Australia. The various schemes launched by the government focused on the fissure sealants for children. These are dental treatment procedures where the teeth of the children are covered by a sealed coating in order to prevent damage in future. The fissure salient for children has helped to reduce the carryover of dental problems to adulthood. Various recommendations for addressing the dental problems and role of the dental coverage in Australia have been mentioned. The inclusion of specialized schemes for children in the coverage provided by the private insurers to the Australian people would help t o mitigate the dental problems in future. The awareness programs run in the schools and the communities would help to address the problem in an inclusive manner. Discussion of Contributing Facts Dental coverage and care is associated to the physical, mental and social well being of the children and adults in the society. The Australian system of dental coverage is dominated by 90% of the players representing the private sector. Thus the Australian people tend to remain in the waiting list in terms of receiving timely treatment from the public sector. The rise in the number of patients in the domain of dental care is also due to untimely receipt of dental coverage and treatment from the childhood which is in turn carried over by the time the children grows into matured adults (Australian Dental Association, 2013, p.17). Due to the lack of treatment of the dental problems in the public sector due to shortage of trained medical staffs over a period of time, the major problem generally arise due to dislocation of teeth, inappropriate fitting of dentures, etc. This leads to increase in cost of treatment on dental care for which dental coverage has attained huge significance in the recent times (Consumer Health Forum of Australia, 2012, p.2). A quick look at the contributing facts could provide a clear idea on the scope of dental coverage in Australia. Neglect in dental hygiene in the childhood leading to carryover of dental problems in adulthood. Untimely dental treatment due to increase in waiting list in the public sector (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2011, p.34). Increasing cost of dental care due to dislocation of teeth, inaccurate filing of teeth and mistake in fitting of denture. Absence of adequate trained dental staffs in the public sector facilities leading to dependence on the private sector. Discussion of the problem The increase in the cases of dental care, increase in the public sector waiting list for dental treatment and increasing cos t of the Australian people led to the intervention of the government to solve the rising need for dental care and coverage. The expenditure of the government increased from $5.3 billion in 2005-06 to $7.8 billion in 2010-11 (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2011, p.49). The break-up of the contributions of the governments,